{"id":2183,"date":"2025-08-29T21:50:29","date_gmt":"2025-08-29T17:50:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/math.org.ge\/?p=2183"},"modified":"2025-08-29T21:53:57","modified_gmt":"2025-08-29T17:53:57","slug":"von-neuman","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/math.org.ge\/index.php\/2025\/08\/29\/von-neuman\/","title":{"rendered":"\u10d2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10db\u10d0: \u10ef\u10dd\u10dc \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc \u10dc\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u201e\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10dd\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10e2\u10d9\u10d8\u10ea\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e1, \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10e8\u10d4\u10e3\u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7, \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc \u10dc\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10e2\u10d9\u10d8\u10ea\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e1, \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u201c<\/strong><br \/>\n\u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10e8\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d8\u10ea\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d6\u10d4\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0 \u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10da \u10e8\u10d4\u10ea\u10d3\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10e3\u10e1\u10ec\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1. \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10ec\u10d8\u10d2\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 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\u10e4\u10e3\u10eb\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8, \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10d0, \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10f0\u10d4\u10e2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d4 \u2014 \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10dd\u10e1\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10db\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0 \u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d6\u10d4, \u10d0\u10d5\u10e2\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4, \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4, \u10f0\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4, \u10d1\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4, \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4. \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e2\u10d4\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8, \u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10ef\u10d8\u10da\u10d3\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10dd \u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8, \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10d8, \u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc \u2014 \u10de\u10dd\u10e2\u10d4\u10dc\u10ea\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d5\u10e2\u10dd\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10ea. \u10d4\u10e1 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u2014 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10d8. \u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10db\u10d4\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ed\u10d4\u10e8\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0 \u2014 \u10ef\u10dd\u10dc \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc \u10dc\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8.<br \/>\n\u10ef\u10dd\u10dc \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc \u10dc\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 1903 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 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\u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8. \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10ec\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0 \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10ea\u10dc\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd \u10ec\u10e0\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8. \u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10df\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10e0\u10d8\u10ea\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10dd\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0.<br \/>\n1928 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1, \u10e1\u10e3\u10da \u10e0\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10ea 25 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc \u10dc\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d0\u10ea \u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e3\u10eb\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d0\u10e3\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1 \u2014 \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0 \u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10ea\u10d8\u10de\u10da\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0 \u10e5\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d8\u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10e1. \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0 \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10e3\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0 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\u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2 \u10dd\u10e1\u10d9\u10d0\u10e0 \u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10e8\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10dc\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d8 \u201e\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e5\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u201c (1944). \u10d4\u10e1 \u10e3\u10d1\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\u10d3 \u10ec\u10d8\u10d2\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u2014 \u10d4\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d4\u10de\u10dd\u10e5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8. \u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10e2\u10d9\u10d8\u10ea\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc: \u10d7\u10e3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d7, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0 \u10d8\u10e5\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10e3\u10da \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e8\u10d4\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d0\u10ea \u10d9\u10d8 \u2014 \u10d5\u10d0\u10ed\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8. \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc \u10dc\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0 \u10e9\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10ea\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10ea\u10d0\u10d0: \u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10ef\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 (\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d8\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u2014 \u10db\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d0\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1), \u10dd\u10de\u10e2\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 (\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0 \u10d5\u10d8\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10dd\u10d7 \u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7), \u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10d0 \u2014 \u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10ea\u10d0\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10db \u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10e3\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10eb\u10da\u10dd \u10d6\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10d8. \u10d4\u10e1 \u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10ee\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1. \u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10da\u10d4\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10d8\u10dc\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10d8\u10e2\u10d4\u10e2\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e1\u10ec\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d2\u10d0\u10d6\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10dd\u10e1\u10d8 \u10ef\u10dd\u10dc \u10dc\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d0\u10ea \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d0\u10e6\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc \u10dc\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8.<br \/>\n1927-1931 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc \u10dc\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d0 \u10ee\u10e3\u10d7\u10d8 \u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0 \u10db\u10d4\u10e5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 . \u10db\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e3\u10eb\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10ee\u10d8\u10da\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e1\u10de\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10ea.<br \/>\n1930-\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 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\u10e4\u10d8\u10e5\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d7, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc \u10dc\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10db\u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d3 \u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10db\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d1\u10dd\u10db\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u2014 \u10ea\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7. \u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d4\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e3\u10eb\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8. 1945 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10ea\u10d4\u10e4\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10ea \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10e4\u10e3\u10dc\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc: \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10e1\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d4\u10ee\u10e1\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10ef\u10d5\u10dc\u10d0, \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10e1\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0. \u10d4\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc \u10dc\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0.<br \/>\n1948 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\u10d8\u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e2\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10e3\u10dc\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10d8\u10dc\u10ea\u10d8\u10de\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1, \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4.<br \/>\n\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0, \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc \u10dc\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 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\u10db\u10d8\u10d8\u10e9\u10dc\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d4\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10e3\u10e0 \u10f0\u10d8\u10da\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d8\u10d5\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d6\u10d4 \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc \u10dc\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10da\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10e4\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d3\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10e4\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4.<br \/>\n\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10da\u10d4\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d6\u10d4 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0, \u10db\u10d7\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1. \u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d0 \u10e2\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10dd\u10dc\u10d6\u10d4\u10ea \u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1 \u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3, \u10d7\u10e3 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10db. \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da \u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10ea\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10eb\u10d8\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ee\u10e1\u10dc\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0, \u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d8\u10e6\u10d5\u10d8\u10eb\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10ee\u10e1 \u10e4\u10e3\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4\u10da\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d8\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0.<br \/>\n\u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0, \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc \u10dc\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10d3\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0 \u10db\u10eb\u10e6\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8. \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10d2\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0, \u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10da \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10de\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10db\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10ea. \u10da\u10d4\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7, IBM-\u10db\u10d0 \u10e1\u10de\u10d4\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10e5\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10ee\u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1. \u10de\u10e0\u10d8\u10dc\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7-\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d6\u10d0\u10ef\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10ee\u10d8 \u10ee\u10e3\u10db\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u201e\u10e4\u10dd\u10dc \u10dc\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d6\u10d0\u10ef\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10e1\u201c \u10d4\u10eb\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0 \u2014 \u10d8\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3 \u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10ee\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e5 \u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8.<br \/>\n1955 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10db\u10d0 \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc \u10dc\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1 \u10db\u10eb\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d0\u10d2\u10dc\u10dd\u10d6\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d5\u10d4\u10e1 \u2014 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d1\u10dd. \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10eb\u10da\u10dd\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10dd\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8. \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ea\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 1957 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1, 53 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e8\u10d8. \u10d7\u10e3\u10db\u10ea\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d8\u10d9\u10d5\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8\u10ea \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10d2\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d7 \u2014 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0.<br \/>\n\u10ef\u10dd\u10dc \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc \u10dc\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10e5\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d4\u10da\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1. \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d8\u10d2\u10e0\u10eb\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e4\u10d8\u10d6\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10e3\u10da \u10db\u10d4\u10ea\u10dc\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8, \u10d1\u10d8\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10da\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10d9\u10d8\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10ea \u10d9\u10d8. \u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4 \u10e9\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd \u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0: \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d2\u10d5\u10d4\u10e5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10ea \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d5\u10d0\u10e5\u10d5\u10e1, \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 \u2014 \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0 \u10d7\u10e3 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0 \u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 \u2014 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d2\u10d5\u10d4\u10e5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10ea\u10d8\u10e4\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10dd\u10da\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0.<br \/>\n<strong>\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10ea\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u2014 \u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201e\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10dd\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10e2\u10d9\u10d8\u10ea\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e1, \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10e8\u10d4\u10e3\u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7, \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc \u10dc\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10e2\u10d9\u10d8\u10ea\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e1, \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u201c \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea 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